| Early examples: Italian | 1536 (Milan): anthology of lute dances, preceded by toccatas (spelled tochata) |
| Further development in Venice
(in organ works, sustained note in pedal, with brilliant passage work in hands) |
Sperindio Bertoldo, 1591
Annibale Padovano, 1604 Giovanni Gabrieli, 1597, 1615 Claudio Merulo, 1594-1604 Frescobaldi 1583-1643 (first high point for toccata) |
| Spreads quickly throughout Europe
In Germany, moves first to the South (Catholic) and then into North (Protestant) |
South Germans:
Hans Leo Hassler (1607) Johann Jacob Froberger (1616) Johann Pachelbel (1653) North Germans: Johann Kaspar Kerll (1686) Gottlieb Muffat (1726) Johann Ernst Eberlin 1747 Franz Tunder 1614 J.S. Bach (big high point for toccata): Harpsichord toccatas, toccatas
and fugues for organ
|
| After 1750, term toccata fell into disuse, although form continued. | Beethoven (1770-1827): Finales to piano sonatas: op. 26 & 54 and
String Quartet op. 59, no. 3
Czerny 1824 Schumann Toccata in C op. 7 (1829) Liszt Toccata (1865) Widor 1880 Finale to 5th Organ Symphony
|
| Bach revival (started by Mendelssohn) inspired multimovement toccatas modeled on Bach's C-Major toccata. | Mendelssohn organ sonatas (1844)
Joseph Rheinberger (1839-1901) Max Reger 1873-1916 |
| 20th century: Single movement toccatas | Debussy (Pour le piano 1901)
Prokofiev op. 11, 1912 Holst Toccata for Piano, 1924 Poulenc 1928 |